<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">govandpol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Управление и политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Governance and Politics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2782-7062</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-7070</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/2782-7062-2024-3-3-47-63</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">govandpol-75</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ПОЛИТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL POLITICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Предпосылки к усилению противоречий между Ираном и Афганистаном из-за использования ресурсов реки Гильменд</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Prerequisites for Increasing Contradictions between Iran and Afghanistan over the Use of Transboundary Water Resources of the Helmand River</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Синельников</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sinelnikov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Синельников Дмитрий Андреевич – ведущий специалист Центра научно-аналитической информации ИВ РАН.</p><p>107031, Москва, ул. Рождественка, 12</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry A. Sinelnikov - Leading Specialist, Center for Scientific and Analytical Information, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences.</p><p>Rozhdestvenka st., 12, Moscow, 107031</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sda_amo@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт востоковедения РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>47</fpage><lpage>63</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Синельников Д.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Синельников Д.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sinelnikov D.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gp-mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/75">https://www.gp-mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/75</self-uri><abstract><p>Со второй половины XX века для стран Большого Ближнего Востока вопросы, связанные с обеспечением водными ресурсами, приобретают первостепенное значение. В первую очередь это связано с тем, что на фоне непрерывного увеличения спроса на жизненно необходимый ресурс, практически полностью отсутствует его общедоступная альтернатива.</p><p>Водный кризис в Иране за последние 10 лет стал проблемой государственного масштаба. На этом фоне руководство страны вынуждено в более жесткой форме отстаивать свои права на совместное использование трансграничных водных ресурсов. При этом, если с некоторыми соседними государствами проблемы совместного водопользования начали проявляться относительно недавно, то с Афганистаном водные споры за ресурсы реки Гильменд уже имеют более полуторавековую историю. За это время страны успели накопить множество противоречий, которые не позволяют им до сих пор найти устраивающий каждую из сторон выход из сложившейся ситуации.</p><p>Автор приходит к выводу, что нынешняя ситуация с распределением водных ресурсов трансграничной реки Гильменд не устраивает ни одну из сторон. При этом Иран, расположенный в нижнем течении реки, находится в заведомо проигрышном положении, так как Афганистан может использовать выгодное географическое положение для продвижения собственных интересов. Обстановка вокруг спора Ирана и Афганистана за водные ресурсы является крайне нестабильной и имеет потенциал к резкому обострению. Проблема, обусловленная историческими противоречиями и другими факторами, рассматриваемыми в статье, приобретает для обеих стран критические масштабы, дальнейшее игнорирование которой может привести к обострению конфликта.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Since the second half of the 20th century, issues related to the provision of water resources have become of paramount importance for the countries of the Greater Middle East. First of all, this is due to the fact that against the backdrop of a continuous increase in demand for a vital resource, there is almost no publicly available alternative.</p><p>The water crisis in Iran has become a national problem over the past 10 years. Against this background, the country’s leadership is forced to defend its rights to the joint use of transboundary water resources in a more stringent manner. At the same time, while with some neighboring states problems of joint water use began to appear relatively recently, with Afghanistan water disputes over the re-sources of the Helmand River already have a history of more than a century and a half. During this time, the countries have managed to accumulate many contradictions, which still do not allow them to find a way out of the current situation that suits each of the parties.</p><p>The author concludes that the current situation with the distribution of water resources of the transboundary Helmand River does not suit either side. While Iran, located in the lower reaches of the river, is in a clearly losing position, Afghanistan can use its advantageous geographical position to advance its own interests. The situation around the dispute between Iran and Afghanistan over water resources is extremely unstable and has the potential for a sharp aggravation. The problem, fueled by historical contradictions and other factors discussed in the article, is acquiring critical status for both countries, and its further ignoring might lead to an aggravation of the conflict.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Гильменд</kwd><kwd>Афганистан</kwd><kwd>Иран</kwd><kwd>водная проблема</kwd><kwd>трансграничные водные ресурсы</kwd><kwd>противоречия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Helmand</kwd><kwd>Afghanistan</kwd><kwd>Iran</kwd><kwd>water problem</kwd><kwd>transboundary water resources</kwd><kwd>contradictions</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hamilton, A. (1911). Afghanistan (Herat and Kandahar Provinces). Tashkent: Publishing House of the District Quartermaster General’s Office of the Turkestan Military District Headquarters.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hamilton, A. (1911). Afghanistan (Herat and Kandahar Provinces). Tashkent: Publishing House of the District Quartermaster General’s Office of the Turkestan Military District Headquarters.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khaksar, M.R. (2020). Helmand River International. Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2, 128-132.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khaksar, M.R. (2020). Helmand River International. Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2, 128-132.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nagheeby, M. &amp; Warner, J. (2018). The Geopolitical Overlay of the Hydropolitics of the Harirud River Basin. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 18 (6), 839-860.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nagheeby, M. &amp; Warner, J. (2018). The Geopolitical Overlay of the Hydropolitics of the Harirud River Basin. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 18 (6), 839-860.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nagheeby, M. &amp; Warner, J. (2022). The 150-Year Itch: Afghanistan-Iran Hydropolitics Over the Helmand River. Water Alternatives, 3, 551-573.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nagheeby, M. &amp; Warner, J. (2022). The 150-Year Itch: Afghanistan-Iran Hydropolitics Over the Helmand River. Water Alternatives, 3, 551-573.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peter, R. (2001). Blood, ed. Afghanistan: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peter, R. (2001). Blood, ed. Afghanistan: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Safi, P.G. (2021). Sharing-Benefit Management of Transboundary Water Resources in Afghanistan (Case-study Helmand River Basin). Молодой ученый, 17 (359), 134-135.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Safi, P.G. (2021). Sharing-Benefit Management of Transboundary Water Resources in Afghanistan (Case-study Helmand River Basin). Молодой ученый, 17 (359), 134-135.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomas, V. &amp; Varzi, M.M. (2015). A Legal Licence for an Ecological Disaster: The Inadequacies of the 1973 Helmand/Hirmand Water Treaty for Sustainable Transboundary Water Resources Development. International Journal of Water Resources Development 31, 4, 499-518.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomas, V. &amp; Varzi, M.M. (2015). A Legal Licence for an Ecological Disaster: The Inadequacies of the 1973 Helmand/Hirmand Water Treaty for Sustainable Transboundary Water Resources Development. International Journal of Water Resources Development 31, 4, 499-518.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алиев С.М. (2004). История Ирана. XX век. М.: ИВ РАН. 649 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aliev, S.M. (2004). Istoriya Irana. XX vek [History of Iran. XX century]. Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 649 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Большая Советская Энциклопедия: в 30 томах. (1969-1978). Т. 6 / гл. ред. А.М. Прохоров. 3-е изд. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 676 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolshaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya: v 30 tomakh. (1969-1978) [The Great Soviet Encyclopedia: in 30 volumes]. Vol. 6. Ed.-in-chief A.M. Prokhorov. 3rd ed. Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 676 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вестад О.А. (1994). Накануне ввода советских войск в Афганистан. 1978-1979 гг. Новая и новейшая история. № 2. С. 19-35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ezhov, G.P. (2007). Khronika afgano-iranskikh otnosheniy. Rol’ i mesto Irana v regione [Chronicle of Afghan-Iranian relations. The Role and Place of Iran in the Region]. Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 195-198. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ежов Г.П. (2007). Хроника афгано-иранских отношений. Роль и место Ирана в регионе. М.: ИВ РАН. С.195-198.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kazem-zade, F. (2004). Bor’ba za vliyaniye v Persii: diplomaticheskoye protivostoyaniye Rossii i Anglii [The Struggle for Influence in Persia: Diplomatic Confrontation between Russia and England]. Moscow: Centerpoligraf. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Казем-заде Ф. (2004). Борьба за влияние в Персии: дипломатическое противостояние России и Англии. М.: Центрполиграф.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korgun, V.G. (2004). Istoriya Afganistana. XX vek. [History of Afghanistan. XX century]. Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 529 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коргун В.Г. (2004). История Афганистана. XX век. М.: ИВ РАН. 529 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mamedova, N.M. (2011). Iranskiye interesy v Afganistane i osnovnyye parametry irano-afganskikh otnosheniy. Sovremennyy Afganistan i sopredel’nyye strany [Iranian Interests in Afghanistan and the Main Parameters of Iranian-Afghan Relations. Modern Afghanistan and Adjacent Countries]. Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 74-75. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мамедова Н.М. (2011). Иранские интересы в Афганистане и основные параметры ирано-афганских отношений. Современный Афганистан и сопредельные страны. М.: ИВ РАН. 2011. С. 74-75.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Merkulova, I. (2007). Rol’ i mesto Irana v regione. Iran i Afganistan: ekonomicheskoye sotrudnichestvo na sovremennom etape [The Role and Place of Iran in the Region. Iran and Afghanistan: Economic Cooperation at the Current Stage]. Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 156-158. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Меркулова И. (2007). Роль и место Ирана в регионе. Иран и Афганистан: экономическое сотрудничество на современном этапе. М.: Институт востоковедения РАН. С. 156-158.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okimbekov, U.V. (2016). Ekonomika Afganistana (proizvodstvennaya infrastruktura) [Economy of Afghanistan (production infrastructure)]. M.: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 387-390. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Окимбеков У.В. (2016). Экономика Афганистана (производственная инфраструктура). М.: Институт востоковедения РАН. С.387-390.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plotnikov, N.D. (2022). Vodnyy krizis na Blizhnem Vostoke [Water crisis in the Middle East]. Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 52 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Плотников Н.Д. (2022). Водный кризис на Ближнем Востоке. М.: ИВ РАН, 52 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sabir, F. (2023). Afganistan i Iran. Vodnyye voyny: Chto proiskhodit na iransko-afganskoy granitse? Afganistan i sosedi [Afghanistan and Iran. Water wars: What is happening on the Iranian-Afghan border? Afghanistan and its neighbors]. Tashkent: Scientific and information center of the Interstate Coordination Water Commission of Central Asia, 5-12. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сабир Ф. (2023). Афганистан и Иран. Водные войны: Что происходит на иранско-афганской границе? Афганистан и соседи. Ташкент: Научно-информационный центр Межгосударственной координационной водохозяйственной комиссии Центральной Азии. С. 5-12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sinelnikov, D.A. (2022). Iran v vodnoy geopolitike Blizhnevostochnogo regiona. Situatsiya na Blizhnem Vostoke i v Severnoy Afrike – sushchestvuyushchiye i potentsial’nyye problemy regiona, vozmozhnyye puti ikh resheniya [Iran in the water geopolitics of the Middle East region. The situation in the Middle East and North Africa - existing and potential problems of the region, possible ways to solve them: Proc. int. scientific-practical. seminar]. August 29, 2022. Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 45-50. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Синельников Д.А. (2022). Иран в водной геополитике Ближневосточного региона. Ситуация на Ближнем Востоке и в Северной Африке – существующие и потенциальные проблемы региона, возможные пути их решения: Материалы межд. науч.-практич. семинара. 29 августа 2022 года. М.: ИВ РАН. С. 45-50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vestad, O.A. (1994). Nakanune vvoda sovetskikh voysk v Afganistan. 1978-1979 gg. [On the Eve of the Introduction of Soviet Troops into Afghanistan. 1978-1979]. New and Contemporary History, 2, 19-35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
